Brownian Motion

This is a model for particle movements in physics that is also used as the basic model for trait evolution. The trait value will change according to a defined rate based on a Normal Distribution with $\mu =0$ and defined variance.

It assumes that the rate of change is constant through time. Therefore, trait value difference between two species is dependent on time since speciation (divergence) and the rate of change/variation, according to the formula above
!Macroevolution_Lecture_2026, p.13